Euro 7 pollution plan’s winners and losers

Europe

After repeated delays, the European Commission last week released its proposed Euro 7 pollution rules, succeeding Euro 6, which came into force in 2014. This is significant because they will most likely be the final internal-combustion engine regulations enacted in Europe, with the EU requiring the sales of only zero-emission vehicles after 2035.

Automakers had fought against the new rules, arguing that money spent on new compliance measures could better be invested in lowering the cost of electrification, and that there will be little need for new rules because the proportion of internal-combustion engine sales will continue to fall ahead of the 2035 zero-emission deadline. 

Stellantis CEO Carlos Tavares recently called Euro 7 a “diversion from the major goal of electrification.”

The recent surge in inflation — and car prices — in Europe has added force to that argument. Whether that had an effect on the European Commission is unclear, but the proposed Euro 7 rules were not as strict as some automakers had feared.

Nonetheless, they mark a clear break from Euro 6, notably unifying the standards for diesel and gasoline vehicles on pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), toughening targets for trucks and buses, and setting limits on brake dust and tire particles — which will make up the main source of pollution from road transport in the zero-emission age.

The regulations are now subject to ratification by the European Parliament and Council. The expectation is that they will go into effect for passenger cars and vans in July 2025, with trucks and buses in 2027. 

Reaction to the proposal was mixed last week, but there are some clear (and not so clear) winners and loses. 

Air quality: The European Union says that longtime exposure to pollution from fine particulate matter and NOx from road traffic was responsible for more than 70,000 premature deaths in 2018, with 300,000 deaths from all air pollution. Road transport accounted for 39 percent of harmful NOx emissions that year, the EU says.

Urban residents — many of whom do not own cars — are particularly affected, road transport accounting for 47 percent of NOx emissions in cities. Limiting such pollutants could save thousands of lives in the future; in 2035, the EU says, Euro 7 regulations will cut passenger car and van NOx emissions by 35 percent, and by 56 percent for buses and trucks. Brake particulates will be cut by 27 percent.

The emissions control industry: AECC, the trade group that lobbies on behalf of companies like Johnson Matthey, NGK and Vitesco that make catalysts and filters had called for an “ambitious” Euro 7 proposal. It did not necessarily get that, but any tightening of pollution regulations means more content per vehicle for its members. The official reaction from AECC is that it “welcomed” the Euro 7 proposal — and, not surprisingly, pressed the European Parliament and Council to adopt the rules as soon as possible. In the long run, however, the EU’s effective ban on internal combustion engines after 2035 means that these companies’ revenues in Europe will decline sharply.   

Brake and tire suppliers: A central promise of Euro 7 is that it will set limits for particulate matter from brakes and tires, which means that companies like Brembo and Michelin will be able to market new technologies at what is almost certain to be higher cost for their customers. Brembo, for one, says its Greentive brake disc, when combined with a special friction material for pads, can decrease emissions of particulate matter by 50 percent. Of note, brake dust limits for vehicles 3.5 metric tons or less are set at 7 mg/km until 2035, and then 3 mg/km thereafter; but tire emissions limits have not yet been set. 

European automakers: At first glance, any regulation that increases costs and requires new technologies to be developed and certified looks like a loss for automakers. But only diesel vehicles — a market that is already declining sharply — face notably tougher pollutant standards, so on balance it could have been much worse. And automakers have been simplifying their combustion-engine offerings and reducing or eliminating R&D budgets as electric vehicles take a greater and greater share. 

Nonetheless, the regulations won’t be pain-free: A report from Morgan Stanley found that Europe’s biggest automaker, Volkswagen Group, could face 400 million euros in compliance costs on car sales, with No. 2 Stellantis at 350 million euros. This could further affect sales of small cars, which are disproportionately affected by any manufacturing increase. Already, most European automakers have abandoned the minicar segment, saying it would be too expensive to add more equipment either to reduce tailpipe pollutions and emissions, or to hybridize small engines.

Heavy trucks and buses: Diesel-powered trucks and buses will need to reduce their NOx output by 78 percent, to 90 milligrams per km, from 400 mg/km. This will lead to compliance costs of 2,700 euros per vehicle, the European Commission says. Even if such vehicles cost much more than passenger cars, that money could still have been used for investments into battery electrification and/or hydrogen fuel cells, and it could increase transport and shipping costs for all goods.

EU car buyers: The regulations are expected to add an average of several hundred euros — 304 euros, to be exact, according to the EC — in regulatory costs to prices that are already rising because of inflation, an increase in energy costs and the semiconductor shortages. In the meantime, automakers will be struggling to roll out affordable battery-electric vehicles, and the EV charging infrastructure remains a weak point. 

Diesel engines: Under the proposal, diesel cars will have to cut NOx emissions by 25 percent to 60 milligrams per km, from the current 80 under Euro 6. Any added costs could hasten the decline of diesel offerings, an attractive option for those who regularly travel long distances. Higher costs or not, the market has been falling since the early 2010s, with the trend accelerating sharply after the 2015 VW cheating scandal. Many cities are now enacting bans on older diesels, with plans to ban all models in the future. In recent months, combined sales of full-electric and plug-in hybrid models have outstripped diesel sales in many markets; a decade ago, diesels accounted for as much as 70 percent of all sales in some countries. 

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  1. In addition, common repetition of military presses will ensure
    elevated muscle mass and a broader body and will help you explode previous PRs
    on different pressing actions like bench press.
    You’re kicking issues off with the overhead press, one of the best workout routines
    for constructing spectacular deltoid muscles, emphasizing the front delts.
    There are several variations of the overhead press, but we’re going with
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    Useful exercises usually contain a number of joints and muscle teams and name for
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    This train may help improve shoulder muscle activation, stabilize the shoulder, and strengthen the shoulder.
    The single-arm push press is a dynamic exercise that belongs to the vertical pushing motion sample.

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    aid in rotating your higher arm, and supporting your shoulder joint when you are carrying things.

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    and, if available, place your heels on one other elevated object in front of you
    so your legs are suspended. Step on the free end of each
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    The Fitness Phantom is a database of hundreds of workout routines and workout
    routines which are supported by ground experience, analysis journals,
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    collectively or you must use them to isolate the entrance deltoid,
    middle deltoid and rear delt.

    References:

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  2. Plus, it doesn’t come with any of the nasty unwanted aspect effects as a result of it’s made from pure
    ingredients. Not Like different weight loss dietary supplements that may cause
    muscle loss and injury, Anavar tends to be light and actually helps maintain and build new muscle
    tissue. Whether your objective is to cut down for the summer time
    or lose a few pounds earlier than your next massive fitness competitors, Anavar may help you obtain your goals more rapidly and easily than ever before.
    Two of the most essential components that may have an effect
    on the amount of fats loss you expertise embrace your diet and workout or coaching
    schedule.
    Most of those will only be of concern if you’re utilizing doses which are too high or using the drug for longer than recommended periods.
    Anavar is especially good at getting rid of fats
    in additional cussed areas, and for women, this is usually
    around the thighs and buttocks. Though overall body weight may not drop or
    change a lot, this is because of muscle achieve – fats continues
    to be being misplaced. On a correct diet, women can expect to lose 5-10lbs of fats on an Anavar cycle until
    they are lean. Anavar, unlike the other oral steroids, really
    places greater stress on the kidneys than on the liver.

    Whereas you presumably can anticipate a rise in liver enzymes whereas using Anavar, for most individuals,
    this will be fairly delicate and should go back to normal once you cease using the steroid.

    The substitution of the second carbon with an oxygen atom increases
    the soundness of the 3-keto group, enhancing anabolic activity.
    Oral exercise is further supported by the 17α-methyl substitution,
    which protects the compound from breakdown in the liver. Whether you’re a seasoned competitor or simply exploring the world of health,
    understanding Anavar’s distinctive advantages might help you make informed selections in your journey to peak performance.
    Legal alternate options like Anvarol are a safer and more reliable choice for gaining muscle without the dangerous unwanted effects.
    If you do select to buy Anavar, remember to do your analysis and only buy from respected sources.
    However, there are legal options to Anavar obtainable in the marketplace, similar to Anvarol by Crazy Bulk.

    One of the issues I wish to highlight here is that Anavar can lead to excessive pumps which could be painful
    at occasions, particularly in the lower back. This is a problem that lots of guys expertise doing deadlifts while on Anavar.
    The only approach to recover from this problem is to permit more relaxation in between the
    sets. As A Outcome Of Anavar is a steroid that is typically
    well-tolerated by men, your stage of experience
    is not going to play a huge impact in selecting how much Anavar you should take.

    Moreover, Anavar stimulates the production of red blood cells via a course of called
    erythropoiesis. This enhance in pink blood cells enhances oxygen delivery to the
    muscles, enhancing endurance and efficiency during physical activities.
    Are you contemplating to purchase Anavar, the extremely sought-after anabolic steroid identified for its performance-enhancing
    effects? Whether Or Not you’re an skilled athlete or a health fanatic looking to take your coaching to the next stage,
    buying Anavar requires cautious consideration.
    The basic rule when planning a cycle is that the
    upper the Anavar dose is, the shorter the cycle you should be
    doing. Some prefer to live on the sting, whereas there are those
    of us who wish to stability the benefits and dangers. I wouldn’t want to go beyond
    six weeks if any greater than 50mg is being taken (rarely).
    Females operating a primary Anavar cycle ought to start very low
    to judge unwanted facet effects. 5mg per day is known to be properly tolerated in medical use by many female
    patients.
    To begin with, it’s key to understand the rationale behind turning to Winstrol.
    Primarily, this substance has made a reputation because of its important assistance in fats loss and muscle definition. Additionally, it offers
    an power enhance, important for maintaining efficiency during workout sessions.
    Nevertheless, it’s necessary to keep in mind that
    these advantages don’t come with out potential risks. Responsible usage,
    keeping track of unwanted aspect effects,
    and recognizing the necessity of ongoing monitoring—all these features have to be factored in proper at the outset.

    Additionally, Its capability to preserve lean muscle whilein a calorie deficit can aid in fats loss,
    leading to a leaner and moredefined physique. Nevertheless, it is very important do not neglect that particular
    person resultscan vary based mostly on elements
    corresponding to genetics, diet, exercise regimen, and overalladherence to
    the cycle. Anavar, or Oxandrolone, is an anabolic steroid usually utilized by
    bodybuilders and athletes to enhance their performance and achieve
    desired results.
    And the preferred injectable steroids will always be
    cheaper – typically less expensive than Anavar.
    As you probably can see, estimating a simple loss of fats in pounds is virtually unimaginable.
    If you’re already very lean and are simply attempting to shred these previous few cussed
    pounds, you will be shedding lower than someone doing their first cutting cycle.
    It’s fun to take a look at before and after photos
    of people who’ve used Anavar, however this tells us nothing
    about any gains in power they’ve skilled on the cycle. Potential side effects
    can embody deepening of the voice, body hair development, clitoral enlargements, and menstrual irregularities.
    Females can, after all, also see opposed
    results in the areas of liver, kidney, and cholesterol. When LDL ldl
    cholesterol will increase an excessive amount of, it can put you
    at risk of blocked arteries and raise your danger of heart illness.

    Test E is known to extend endurance, while Anavar
    can help to scale back body fat and improve cardiovascular health, leading to raised performance in sports and
    other physical actions. Whereas every person’s physique reacts
    uniquely to Oxandrolone, the four-week mark regularly serves as a checkpoint for
    users to judge the compound’s effectiveness and assess its impact
    on their our bodies. Always think about your well
    being first and do not forget that looking for appropriate dosage and cycle management
    recommendation is really helpful. As customers transition into the fourth week of using Oxandrolone – or Anavar, it’s fascinating to look
    at the consequences of this compound on male and female bodies.
    Not to be seen as a radical transformation agent, Anavar tends
    to work extra subtly, amplifying strength, sculpting definition, and encouraging fats loss.
    For those embarking on an Anavar-only cycle, especially
    beginners choosing a modest day by day dosage of 20-60mg, the excellent news
    is that the impression on natural testosterone levels is generally
    minimal.

    References:

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  3. A low 10mg dose could have women seeing significant changes
    to their physique, with muscle features being made a lot sooner.
    Nevertheless, females will not “turn into a man” on this steroid, but they may develop what we’d define as a extra masculine physique.
    Some women utilizing testosterone enanthate shall be trying to cut physique fats to obtain elevated definition, and this is possible at very low doses of
    5mg/week. This means consuming a calorie-deficient food regimen to lose fats and reduce general
    physique fats percentage to a low level. The risk of that is the loss of muscle together with fats in the case of catabolic exercise.

    By this stage, they may begin to fine-tune their Anavar utilization, similar to stacking with other supplements or anabolic steroids, to optimize results further.

    Persistently monitoring progress and adjusting dosages and cycles accordingly will assist in building lean muscle mass while
    preserving unwanted facet effects beneath control. Incorporating a
    Testosterone cycle with Oxandrolone facilitates enhancements in muscle mass and power positive aspects past what might be potential utilizing Oxandrolone alone.

    Testosterone can notably enhance muscle size, whereas Oxandrolone works tirelessly to promote fats loss and defend lean muscle.

    In tandem, they create the right setting for formulating a
    well-defined physique that showcases distinguished physical changes.

    It’s a assured cycle for excellent features and outcomes with
    manageable unwanted facet effects. If you need extra hardening effects, add something like
    Masteron or Anavar in the direction of the tip of the cycle, as I define in one other stack below.
    Trenbolone will provide you with extra vital muscle
    features no doubt. It will also boost energy into the stratosphere –
    much more so than Boldenone. However you also get the lengthy listing of Tren side effects that don’t exist with
    Equipoise. Some men exclusively use EQ for performance gains and never necessarily for
    bulking and even slicing. Unnecessary to say, EQ is a legendary
    AAS for growing stamina and endurance.
    This is due to exogenous testosterone supplementation; however, once a cycle finishes,
    customers often experience fatigue and lowered libido. In the previously cited research,
    the researchers measured the impression of oxandrolone on endogenous testosterone levels.
    After 12 weeks, the teams taking 20 mg and forty mg per day skilled
    a 45% discount in testosterone.
    In The End, it doesn’t matter which pharmaceutical brand you
    purchase – they’re all manufactured to excessive pharmaceutical standards in accredited facilities.
    If you would possibly be still in search of Delatestryl or generic versions, pay close consideration to the potential for counterfeit
    merchandise. Neither of the above is really helpful, and we must always at
    all times stick to the injectable type of Testosterone Enanthate.

    With Testosterone Enanthate’s long half-life, once you’ve had your final injection of the cycle, you have to wait till that exogenous testosterone provide exits the system
    sufficient to cease shutting you down. In distinction, Testosterone Cypionate is based on olive oil, a more fluid-thinner oil prone
    to cause less irritation when injected than Testosterone Enanthate.

    This intermediate Anavar cycle introduces Testosterone run at a
    TRT (Testosterone Substitute Therapy) dose of 100mg weekly, simply to maintain normal
    physiological function. Testosterone on this case is run as a supportive compound somewhat than as a primary muscle building
    agent of the cycle. In such a case, Anavar’s dose is elevated to be able to choose up the job of
    performing as the first anabolic agent in the cycle.
    The dose right here is 70mg day by day, popping out to 490mg weekly which is a hearty dose considering Anavar’s strength of at least 3 instances that of
    Testosterone. An Anavar cycle similar to this one
    isn’t solely suitable for lean mass addition, but additionally
    fits fats loss and shredding because of the low TRT dose of Testosterone which
    limits the amount of Estrogen conversion. Anavar is a mild
    anabolic steroid that’s used for bulking and slicing purposes.

    Obviously this is dependent upon the individual and you’re not going to
    interrupt the world bench-press report simply
    since you do an Anavar cycle. However a 12-week
    research did present that even older men on Anavar skilled
    important will increase in their chest press, leg press and lat
    pull-down workouts (3). The typical Anavar cycle for girls does not call for large doses – especially if you’re a beginner.
    A good Anavar dosage for a new female user is between 5mg and 10mg per day, while most superior ladies will prime out at 15mg-20mg.
    Anavar will also suppress endogenous testosterone, causing a state of hypogonadism post-cycle.
    This typically recovers in a matter of weeks post-cycle; nonetheless, abuse of Anavar may lead to long-term testosterone deficiency.
    This will effectively maximize results (fat loss) and minimize unwanted aspect effects.

    Testosterone will significantly boost your power,
    so that stacked combination will take your power to another degree,
    rather more so than using Deca-Durabolin alone. Deca-durabolin is not a steroid
    that we will normally use to get big features in energy. All steroids will increase your energy to a point, but when you’re used
    to using more highly effective steroids on this regard, then Deca-Durabolin’s power boosts in all probability won’t
    be comparable.
    We see endogenous testosterone ranges decline substantially on Winstrol, inflicting a mental and physiological
    crash post-cycle. Thus, ladies vulnerable to low energy ranges and decreased temper
    post-cycle might benefit from administering PCT following Winstrol use.
    LDL and HDL levels of cholesterol may also shift in the incorrect
    direction on Winstrol, increasing the danger of hypertension and coronary heart disease.
    Estrogen may help to inhibit sharp rises in blood stress by
    increasing HDL levels; nonetheless, Winstrol doesn’t
    aromatize, causing high levels of cardiovascular strain. Winstrol is not generally really helpful for females,
    as they are often vulnerable to virilization effects from
    this drug.
    This signifies that to see the utmost results of EQ, you have to use it for no much less than eight weeks, as
    its actions take a while to kick in. Even better is a week
    cycle of EQ to make essentially the most of what this steroid
    can ship. Androgenic side effects are one other area that
    steroid users might be familiar with, and once once more, EQ is comparatively mild on this regard compared to many different anabolic steroids.

    Nonetheless, those who have a genetic predisposition to problems like
    pimples or male sample baldness may see some activity in these areas.
    The potential estrogenic unwanted effects embrace gynecomastia
    and water retention, in addition to hypertension if fluid retention becomes excessive.

    References:

    female bodybuilders before and after steroids pictures

  4. Ladies are more delicate to androgenic results, so it’s essential, to start with a
    conservative dose to keep away from undesirable unwanted effects.

    Monitoring your body’s response intently is crucial, and changes can be made if essential.

    Nonetheless, with Anavar’s fat-burning results
    and muscle gains being retained post-cycle, there’s not an excellent want for most individuals to utilize Anavar all
    12 months round. Nevertheless, if a person predominantly
    needs to burn fats on Anavar, then a small calorie deficit could be carried
    out to accelerate fats loss whereas aiding muscle retention. Cardiovascular train, or HIIT
    (high-intensity interval training), may also be utilized to speed up a
    user’s metabolism while offering cardiac benefits. We have discovered clenbuterol to trigger cardiovascular strain in some users, probably causing myocardial injury
    (33).
    If you might have a history of coronary heart assaults, hypertension, strokes
    or cardiac ailments, then you must forget about Anavar cycles.
    The use of Anavar will increase the risks of arterial diseases due to the negative shifts it causes on the degrees of dangerous and good
    ldl cholesterol within the body. But apart from these side effects,
    the opposite impacts that Anavar have within the body are very minimal.
    There isn’t any denying that Anavar 50mg happens to be one of the most in style steroids you will hear folks mentioning in the bodybuilding industry.

    Some individuals favor taking Anavar approximately 30
    to 60 minutes earlier than their workout to capitalize on its performance-enhancing properties
    throughout coaching. Others may choose to take it after the workout
    to aid in recovery and muscle repair. The timing of meals in relation to Anavar consumption can influence
    its absorption and effectiveness. Anavar is orally administered, and certain dietary elements can have an effect on its absorption in the digestive
    system. Anavar can even trigger adverse effects that may reduce well-being in users, such as male pattern baldness or benign prostatic hyperplasia.

    Dianabol carries out the above-mentioned processes much faster than many different
    steroids. As such, you possibly can discover a
    marked enhance in your muscle mass and strength in simply three to four days.
    The trick is the anabolic nature of this steroid that enhances protein synthesis inside cells, resulting within the buildup of cellular tissue within the muscle tissue.

    This naturally leads to an increase in muscle size and boosts testosterone
    manufacturing.
    Your food regimen issues in terms of discovering the best Anavar dosage for you.
    In general, the heavier you’re – the higher the dosage you will want.
    In this weblog post, we are going to assist you to discover the best
    Anavar dosage in your wants.
    Moreover, Anavar is understood to facilitate fat loss by growing metabolism and
    selling a more efficient utilization of stored physique fats
    as an energy supply. This dual action of muscle building and
    fats burning is very fascinating for bodybuilders aiming to
    attain a lean and chiseled appearance. When included into a well-designed steroid
    cycle, Oxandrolone can present quite a few advantages. It is commonly used during cutting phases to preserve
    muscle mass whereas shedding body fats. It can additionally be used
    throughout bulking cycles to reinforce power and
    forestall excessive weight gain. Moreover, Anavar is usually utilized in bridging phases
    between cycles to assist maintain positive aspects and facilitate recovery.

    Insulin resistance and diminished glucose tolerance in powerlifters ingesting anabolic
    steroids. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 64(5),
    960–963. (2) Schimrigk, Häusler, G., Blümel, P., Plöchl, E., Waldhör,
    T., & Frisch, H. In this instance, customers may even experience water retention and bloating, which Anavar doesn’t cause,
    plus heightened anabolic results.
    Some are more serious than others, and a few only have
    an result on sure people. It is necessary to remember that everyone will react in a unique way to
    every steroid, so you will need to do your analysis earlier than taking any
    type of complement. The optimum Anavar dosage for endurance athletes ranges from 20 to 80 milligrams
    per day, relying on your expertise degree and goals. Newbies ought to begin with
    a low dose of 20 to 30 milligrams per day, whereas extra skilled athletes may profit from a higher dose of as a lot as eighty milligrams per day.

    It is price noting that Anavar utilization may end up in side effects
    corresponding to liver injury, hair loss, pimples, and adjustments
    in mood and conduct. Powerlifters ought to monitor their well
    being intently and seek medical attention if any adverse effects arise.
    Total, Anavar dosage for athletes must be rigorously thought of and monitored to
    achieve optimal results whereas minimizing the danger of potential unwanted
    aspect effects.
    Anabolic steroids are schedule IV controlled substances within the United States.
    Both of those steroids are made by CrazyBulk and they’re utterly
    legal and safe to use for a lot of reasons. The
    combination of Winstrol and Anavar has the potential
    to provide vital outcomes when used responsibly and combined with a stable exercise plan and wholesome nutrition. Combining these two steroids can result in spectacular results if accomplished accurately.
    If you discover that you’re no longer in a place to keep up during training, persist with BCAA and Citrulline Malate
    to increase Nitric Oxide production for better training pre-workout.

    Your testosterone cycle dosage will rely in your particular objectives and the quantity of muscle
    mass you wish to construct. Ladies who can maintain an Anavar-only cycle at the recommended day by day dosage of 10 mg do not want to fret about this concern. Most cycles will prolong testosterone use past the 8 weeks of
    the Anavar cycle, for a complete of 12 weeks,
    earlier than beginning post-cycle remedy. Anavar is probably considered
    one of the greatest anabolic steroids to make use of if you’re attempting to set
    new private data for power within the health club, because it causes
    its customers to experience unbelievable levels of power.
    Others, nonetheless, employ anabolic steroids for bodybuilding and performance enhancement.

    This is as a outcome of of extreme stimulation of the CNS, causing increased ranges of epinephrine.
    Consequently, a user’s coronary heart price can velocity up and turn out to be enlarged (34).
    Our tests of sufferers utilizing trenbolone usually point out excessive
    elevations in blood pressure and important testosterone suppression.
    These steroids are made from all-natural components which were proven to
    be protected and effective. Moreover, it’s essential to
    intently monitor unwanted facet effects through the PCT
    part. Since Winstrol is understood for its slightly worse unwanted aspect effects on levels of
    cholesterol compared to Anavar, I suggest staying vigilant about any changes to your well-being.
    Throughout my cycle, I carefully monitor my body’s response to
    these compounds.

    References:

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