Yes, the Lucid Air Dream battery pack is 118 kWh capacity, and yes, it could take 134 kWh to charge it from 0-100%. Here’s a clear analysis of why.
InsideEV’s Senior Editor Tom Moloughney recently had the high honor of performing and reporting on the world’s first third-party, unsupervised 0-100% fast charging test session on the Lucid Air Dream EV. He posted the resulting video on his State of Charge YouTube Channel and in this IEVs article.
The video presented a textbook example of the “perfect” charge session and confirmed Lucid could talk the talk and walk the walk. This independent test demonstrated what well-executed new current-generation premium EVs can do.
Unfortunately, some viewers and readers misinterpreted the charging results as “proving Lucid lied about the battery pack size”, apparently suggesting that Lucid is “cooking the books” and installing a larger-than-claimed battery pack to make puffed-up charging speed and range efficiency claims. They appeared confused by the fact that Electrify America billed Tom for 134 kWh of electrical energy delivered to the vehicle during the charge session. Delivered to a pack with only 118 kWh capacity.
But that is, indeed the case. The pack is 118 kWh and if the EA charger billed Tom for 134 kWh to fast-charge it from 0-100%, then either EA incorrectly billed or that is what it actually takes. I suspect the latter. The amount does not surprise me. I know of which I speak.
I have studied and reverse-engineered dozens of different battery packs from all the various new and legacy OEM’s through the years, estimating or confirming both kWh capacity and charging speed performance. With George S Bower, our findings have repeatedly been published through IEVs. We have a very clear and informed technical understanding of how packs are constructed and how they operate.
The slides below speak for themselves. These screen-shots from an October 30th InsideEVs article by Mark Kane clearly show exactly how the Lucid modules and pack are constructed, the number of cells per module and the number of modules in the Dream pack. Summarizing the slides: 300 cells/module. 22 modules. 6,600 total type 2170 cells. Using currently-available 2170 cell amp-hour and nominal-voltage specs, the estimated total pack capacity would be between 117-120 kWh. So 118 kWh is a very reasonable number.
But why, then, was Tom billed for 134 kWh? Based on my experience, thermal-modeling the heating losses incurred in extreme fast-charging sessions, it’s the law. Ohm’s law. And the 2nd law of thermodynamics. The 2nd law says “there are always losses in an energy transfer process”. And in an EV battery charging session, those losses are determined by Ohm’s Law. Heat generated in a circuit = the current I (in amps) squared x the circuit’s resistance R (in ohms). Heat = I2R
The detailed math of the current flows, resistances, cumulative heat generated, and auxiliary power consumed in this particular charging session is complex and would be the subject of another article.
Suffice to say that for the first five minutes of charging at 300 kW and 350 amps, the battery pack resistance was generating over 20 kW of heat. That pack weighs over 550 kg, yet that 20 kW heat is so intense it likely heated up every cell in that mass from 31⁰ C to their maximum rated 45⁰ C temperature in those first few minutes, with the AC compressor, glycol pumps, and radiator fan all screaming at peak load, drawing an extra 4-5 kW of power.
As the charging amps declined, so did the heat, but it was a long charging session. My back-of-the-envelope calculation suggests the combined pack heat + vehicle cooling system energy losses add up to about 10 kWh by the session’s end.
And then there are the internal distribution HVDC component and system resistance losses. The high voltage cables, the bus bars, the main contactors. The resistances can be less than a milli-ohm at each, but with just 5 milli-ohms total connector resistance, that can add another 5-6 kW of heat losses.
And then there are the CCS charging port contacts. EA liquid-cools their cable. They also liquid-cool that big CCS plug and handle, as the contact resistance between EA’s plug and the EV’s port contacts, with 350 amps flowing through their interface, generates enough heat to scald you and melt the plastic if they didn’t.
CCS head heat losses add another 0.5- 1 kW. See how it adds up? And this is using state-of-the-art equipment, battery design, silver-coated contacts, and high-voltage electronics. Rapidly adding 118 kWh to this pack and only suffering 16 kWh of 2nd-law losses is an EV engineering miracle, not a false-marketing conspiracy.
Yes, the Lucid Air Dream battery pack is probably 118 kWh capacity, and yes, it probably does take 134 kWh to charge it from 0-100%. There is a tsunami of amazing new, fast-charging EV’s approaching us in the months and years ahead. Tom, Kyle and others will perform many more tests with similarly fast results and some significant fast charger losses. It’s time we get educated about how battery packs and fast chargers really work so we won’t be having this argument again.
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Growing the supply of tyrosine to the mind allows for increased catecholamine synthesis and can help maintain adrenaline levels elevated all through your
workouts. This is the primary reason why tyrosine could be very useful
in a PWO supplement, especially when mixed with a stimulant
similar to caffeine. There are a number of completely different sorts of creatine, but they stunning a lot all serve the identical purpose –
with variations within the rate at which they are absorbed.
Beta-alanine buffers acid levels, allowing you to push through
fatigue and train longer. At All Times seek the advice of with
a qualified healthcare professional prior to beginning any food regimen or
train program or taking any dietary supplement.
The content on our web site is for informational and educational purposes solely
and isn’t supposed as medical recommendation or to exchange a relationship
with a certified healthcare skilled. Creatine
is also an excellent supplement to assist improve resistance to fatigue
and tiredness, which helps you to get more out of your fitness regime.
For those that are looking for a pre-workout supplement that does not include caffeine,
there are some good choices out there. Here is a have a glance at the best pre-workout dietary supplements with out
caffeine. Many point out it’s a good motivator and has them hooked on the fitness center.
Lastly, remember that BCAA supplements aren’t essential for everyone.
BCAAs are discovered naturally in food sources of protein, and most of the people get sufficient through a properly
balanced diet. They may also have advantages outside of exercise performance, such as for cognitive and liver well being and for improving cancer-induced cachexia.
Nevertheless, these advantages are still being studied, and
extra solid evidence is needed.
All The Time search the recommendation of your physician or an expert healthcare
supplier. In Contrast To other stimulants, caffeine is not
solely secure when taken in moderate doses, but also protecting in opposition to Parkinson’s disease,
as demonstrated by researchers. At the end of the study, all participants demonstrated a major increase in VO2 max, which is the measurement of
the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize
throughout intense.
Kaged Muscle’s pre-workout goes big with a 32.three g scoop
per serving, offering sustained vitality, as confirmed by our testers.
The Stimulatory Matrix, primarily caffeine and theacrine (a caffeine-like
compound), totals 222 mg. Nonetheless, we did spot synthetic flavors and added sugars in its mix, which could be a priority for those in a slicing part.
5g of L-glutamine can be added to a shake or water, and it can be taken before, throughout or after exercise, and can be
added to BCAAs and creatine. However, including creatine
to your protein shake may help to help your efforts within the health club and your recovery.
This means that even if you do the beneficial 2 scoop serving measurement,
you’re still solely getting 3g of creatine monohydrate and must complement with additional
creatine. For optimal energy and efficiency, I nonetheless recommend supplementing
with further creatine to get you to the 5g daily dose or consuming meals
naturally excessive in creatine (like herring or beef).
While it doesn’t have the complete, clinically studied dose of creatine monohydrate
(5g), if you need a high-quality gainer that has creatine
in its formulation, this is amongst the highest-quality products available.
As a weight gainer, the protein share and breakdown of carbs, proteins, and fat are different than we would count on from a typical protein powder.
Customers find that the product works well for
getting them ready for exercises. The power
stage is sweet, with no letdown throughout their workouts.
The saline content provides a quick punch of energy with out the jitters or tingling effect.
As for myself, my analysis pursuits embody exploring dietary complement interventions
for optimizing exercise results and investigating
the impacts of creatine monohydrate. In quick, I too, possess appreciable knowledge concerning supplements.
They report better focus and energy throughout exercises, with no jitters or tingling results.
You need to get one other dose of BCAAs post-workout—but the ratio should be proper.
The more of these receptors you might have in your muscle cells,
the more of your testosterone that may bind to them and stimulate muscle progress.
Research shows that muscular tissues with higher ranges
of carnosine can generate extra forceful contractions for a longer period, resulting in better
positive aspects in power, endurance, and mass.
But the analysis exhibits that both of these ingredients won’t get taken up by the muscle adequately except insulin is current.
Analysis reveals it will increase power, increases muscle measurement, will increase muscle power—when it is taken a quantity of times a day.
In addition to boosting athletic performance, carnitine additionally has anabolic properties that
may assist to extend muscle growth and strength positive
aspects.
It also would not upset their stomach or make them run to
the lavatory. The tingle is sustained comfortably during a session and retains fatigue at bay.
When purchasing for BCAA and pre-workout dietary supplements,
it is essential to contemplate the ingredients rigorously.
These potential advantages make taking BCAA and pre-workout together a gorgeous option for these looking to
optimize their exercises and improve their overall health.
Clients find that the protein powder blends properly with water, oat
milk, and other liquids. They say it doesn’t cause bloating,
offers a easy texture in shakes and smoothies, and mixes effortlessly without having a blender.
Analysis has additionally advised that adenosine-receptor antagonism contributes to improved performance through increases in neurotransmitter release and motor firing price [3,7].
Each beta-alanine and creatine have been proven to delay the onset of neuromuscular fatigue and due
to this fact probably augment the ergogenic impact of caffeine [8,9].
Analysis means that when supplementing with BCAAs
previous to bodily exercise, restoration improves because of a rise in protein synthesis
and a discount in protein degradation [11]. Knowing which of
those supplements is right for you depends on your fitness objectives and routine.
It’s an individual alternative that is determined by your diet, the forms
of workout routines you’re doing, and your interest in endurance
vs power.
Are you in search of a stimulant-free pre-workout on the inexpensive side?
The price on this pre-workout is above average however not too accessive.
There are no savings for buying in bulk, however you
may get a subscription that saves you 10%. Some report no tingling or change in body, while others experience jitters,
skin crawling, and bowel actions within 15 minutes. Research recommend that BCAAs could also be helpful for sure populations, corresponding to athletes and
folks with some liver circumstances, like cirrhosis. Notice that safe for sport products include those which would possibly be NSF Certified for Sport or Informed Sport certified.
One physiological features attributed to betaine is that it acts as an osmo-protectant, which suggests it could help protect cells in opposition to dehydration by appearing as an osmolyte and
growing the water retention of cells. Other studies recommend that betaine supplementation can lower plasma homocysteine concentrations and reduce irritation. In addition, betaine additionally acts as
a methyl donor that can synthesize creatine in skeletal muscle.
Research exhibits that betaine supplementation seems to minimize back lactate accumulation within the
blood and helps preserve mobile hydration in cells. Research additionally means that enhanced muscle oxygen consumption occurs when supplementing with betaine.
A BCAA supplement will features three of the 9 important amino
acids, together with l-leucine, l-isoleucine and l-valine.
For some people, this might be a adequate day by
day dose making it more convenient to purchase protein blended with creatine.
I offer you this information, as a outcome of as you’ve seen through this
article, most protein powders with creatine added dose at 3g or much
less. Optimal creatine dosage is 0.1g/kg of physique weight
every day, however is more generally prescribed at 3-5g day by day.
For the protein powders, it was easy to match them straight throughout
the board since all of them supplied 30g of protein.
This all-in-one formulation truly is elite, with 20 fully-disclosed premium elements perfectly mixed to
deliver probably the most intense pre-workout expertise possible.
One scoop is more than sufficient to have
you destroying your workouts, but experienced
stimulant customers can go for two scoops of this potent supplement.
Plus, you’re getting 30 servings in each tub, which many manufacturers don’t do anymore.
Whereas few research are looking on the impression of mixing BCAAs and creatine, there are a quantity of available that have a glance at the efficacy of efficiency blends containing both creatine and BCAAs.
Based Mostly on obtainable analysis, there’s nothing to indicate that mixing BCAAs and creatine is unsafe or will cause
adverse results. Creatine’s also some of the well-liked and broadly used ergogenic aids because of its
capacity to increase intramuscular phosphocreatine (PCr) concentrations
and thus improve work capacity.
Its mix of citrulline malate, vitamin D, beta-alanine, creatine, and caffeine
is nice for power and muscle restore. Pre Jym is thought for its
potent stimulant effects and complete ingredient mix, appropriate for veterans of pre-workout supplements.
Gorilla Mode is a powerhouse for intense workouts and restoration, offering a strong blend of creatine and caffeine.
Creatine has been proven to help strength and muscle mass features, in addition to enhancing performance in high intensity activities.
Various research have discovered there are no concerning opposed
effects to your health or efficiency as a end result of mixing the 2
dietary supplements. The cells in our body use Adenosine triphosphate
— but we’ll just name it ATP — as a source of vitality, and creatine helps to provide power inside the muscle tissue
too. Creatine might compete with other vitamins, doubtlessly limiting the absorption efficiency of BCAAs or the active
components in your pre-workout.
Additionally, it is best to consult with a healthcare skilled for personalized advice on when and how to take
these supplements on rest days based mostly in your particular
goals and needs. It Is also essential to remember that supplements mustn’t exchange a balanced food regimen and proper
rest for optimal results. Like with any complement or mixture
of supplements, mixing BCAAs, creatine, and pre-workout has pros and
cons.
Timing your creatine supplementation has been the topic of a lot
debate in fitness circles, though analysis suggests flexibility
in consumption. How lengthy it takes for creatine to work depends considerably in your baseline creatine
ranges, muscle fiber composition, food regimen quality, training intensity,
and overall creatine supplementation adherence.
Vegetarians often expertise extra dramatic outcomes due to their naturally decrease baseline stores.
Meta-analyses affirm its benefits for increasing energy,
energy output, and lean mass throughout diverse populations.
Prospects find the dietary supplement easy to
combine with water and blends nicely without clumps.
They mention it’s a good supply of BCAAs and can be easily stacked with different electrolytes.
They say it tastes nice, the grape taste is yummy,
and the pink lemonade is scrumptious.
He is also the editor-in-chief of this website
and has over 25 years of expertise within the fitness trade.
The first is that they’re protected for those with sensitivities to stimulants, obviously.
You don’t need to overpay for a pre-workout, however you additionally need to preserve
high quality. This is a personal preference, however you wish to be positive that the pre-workout tastes a minimum of
first rate. It also makes use of creatine HCL, which is a more simply absorbed type of Creatine that
builds muscle and will increase energy. Next on our record of
stimulant-free pre-workout supplements, we now have Legion Pulse.
Creatine is thought for improvements in energy and power, and for
providing extra vitality for high-intensity train. When BCAAs are taken earlier than or throughout train, they reduce fatigue and
decrease muscle protein breakdown. Pre-workout supplements are celebrated for his or her energy-boosting properties, largely because of elements like caffeine.
Amongst all these combinations, adding Tongkat
Ali to your creatine supplement stands out as a strong and
effective addition for these seeking to improve testosterone,
muscle growth, energy, and restoration naturally. In The Meantime,
including Tongkat Ali with creatine and BCAA help to raise post-recovery testosterone levels.
Despite the drawbacks, combining creatine with other supplements may enhance its synergistic benefits notably to optimize muscle retention (or growth), endurance, stamina and recovery.
While it’s not common, there’s a potential for dehydration, primarily if supplements are consumed in high quantities without enough water intake.
Creatine, particularly, might cause water retention in the muscles, necessitating elevated water consumption to aid
in hydration and kidney perform. Increasing your water intake
when taking these supplements, especially throughout intense exercise or sizzling climates, is crucial to stopping
dehydration. Chugging down a pre-workout and immediately hitting the fitness center
might seem logical. Still, you might not get the full advantages without giving your
physique time to absorb and activate the ingredients.
Similarly, understanding when to take BCAAs (before,
during, or after a workout) and Creatine (consistently, even on non-workout
days) is paramount to leveraging their advantages.
Nonetheless, many choose to avoid synthetic sweeteners in on a regular basis merchandise
to assist restrict later sugar cravings.
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